Let us Protect Our Lands, Stop Kaliwa Dam
Science and technology have always paved better and more efficient ways to live our lives. The infrastructures they create provide us with mechanisms that help us get better access to clean water, energy, communication, and many more. What we sometimes fail to ask ourselves is at what cost do we get this convenience at.
Protect Our Lands aims to raise awareness about the dangers of the Kaliwa Dam project and highlight alternative solutions that address the crisis of water supply, without the consequence of being detrimental to indigenous peoples and the environment.
These coming months, join us as we embark on a journey to unravel what it means to allow the construction of Kaliwa Dam, whose structure is bound to cause the destruction of life and culture.
The Old and New Kaliwa Dam
History
The New Centennial Water Source Project - Kaliwa Dam has its roots in the 1978 proposals for Laiban Dam. It was considered to be MWSS’s largest project in its history under the Manila Water II Project. Studies for the project were underway until cost issues caused it to be postponed; although pre-construction activities and relocation sites continued to be conducted.
In 2007, under former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Laiban Dam was approved to be financed by China however the deal fell through due to the National Broadband Network scandal.
San Miguel Corporation, one of the country’s largest companies, then stepped in and submitted a proposal to take over the construction of the dam, which MWSS accepted. It was during this time in 2009 that the dam faced heavy opposition from the Dumagat-Remontado communities, who marched from the mountains to the office of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in Quezon City. Wearing their traditional clothes, they appeared before Congress to voice out their concerns. Heavy opposition, combined with public scrutiny regarding the bidding process and the perceived higher water rates led to the project being postponed once again.
During the Aquino Administration, a series of studies were conducted that resulted into the New Centennial Water Source Project. From a singular 113 meter high dam, the scaled down proposal includes nine smaller dams, which includes Kaliwa Dam.
In 2016, plans for Kaliwa Dam were introduced as one of the major infrastructure projects in the Build, Build, Build Project of the Duterte Administration. Global Utility Development Corp. Ltd., a Japanese firm, renewed their proposal to build the Kaliwa Intake Weir, which featured a 7 meter high weir (a lot head dam) with a 16 kilometer tunnel and a capacity of 550 million liters per day. It was said to be more feasible, cost efficient and sustainable. However, the administration decided not to pursue this proposal and instead signed a loan agreement with China. Kaliwa Dam will be financed through the Official Development Assistance (ODA) program. Environmental impact studies followed soon after and the Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) was issued by the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources - Environmental Management Bureau (DENR-EMB) in 2019. The project is expected to be completed by 2023 or 2024 however the timeline is delayed due to complications regarding its permit.
The Proposed Kaliwa Dam in Construction
The New Centennial Water Source - Kaliwa Dam Project is part of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage Systems’ (MWSS) plans to establish better water security for all residents in Metro Manila. The proposed 60-high meter dam is said to be able to provide an additional 600 MLD per day, easing the strain on Angat, Ipo, and La Mesa dams. The dam will be built along Kaliwa River located in the municipalities of General Nakar and Infanta in Quezon Province. In addition to the dam, a 27.7 kilometer raw water conveyance tunnel traversing Antipolo and Rizal will be constructed to gain access to water treatment facilities.
The project will cost a total of Php 12.2 Billion, 85% of which will be funded through the country’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) agreement with the Chinese government. Likewise, construction will primarily be managed by the China Energy Engineering Corporation.
While the construction of the dam itself has not started yet, roads leading to the site are already being built by the DPWH.
Improper Execution of Bureaucratic Processes
In order for Kaliwa Dam to be constructed through justifiable, socially acceptable, and legally binding means, the project is required to by law, go through several processes and attain certain legal documents, namely the Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), Free Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) from the Indigenous Peoples who will be affected by the construction of the dam. The project of this scale should also have gone through a fair bidding process. At the same time, the project also needs to comply with existing laws such as NIPAS and DAO 2017-15, that protect the biodiversity of the affected areas. The points below will shortly discuss how the project has fared with such processes .
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS):
Presidential Decree no. 1586 (1987) established the Philippine EIS System which aims to facilitate the “attainment and maintenance of a rational and orderly balance between socio-economic growth and environmental protection”. Under this, an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) report is a requirement in a project’s application for an Environmental Compliance Certificate. This report contains a detailed study on the type and level of effect a proposed project would have on the environment and ways to mitigate them.
Two separate EIS were conducted in July and September 2019 to assess the Kaliwa Dam project. Despite multiple technicalities and a lack of information and transparency during the study, the construction of the dam was approved.
An example of this is that the EIS was not translated to Filipino, meaning that other stakeholders, particularly the IP communities were not able to understand the document, neither was it posted 20 days before the scheduled hearing, as required, but rather was only posted 9 days before. Both are requirements from Department Administrative Order 2017-15 to ensure good public participation with regards to the Environmental Impact Statement System.
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC):
An Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) certifies that the project will not cause significant negative impacts on the environment. It also certifies that the project has abided by the requirements of the EIS. It should be noted that the issuance of the ECC is not a permit to implement a project. Project proponents would still need to secure permits from other government agencies and/or local government units.
An ECC was granted for the construction of Kaliwa Dam back in October 2019, with certain conditions that needed to be met within the next 6 months from when the ECC was issued. It has been more than a year now since the ECC was granted and so the termination of the ECC is long overdue. Although it is important to note that the conditions of the ECC should not have been conditions at all but rather prerequisites before the granting of the ECC. In addition, the ECC was also granted without the required clearance from the Protected Area Management Board.
Free Prior Informed Consent (FPIC):
A core component of the 1997 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act is the Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC). It states that the consensus of all IPs in project-affected areas should be determined according to their customary laws, free from manipulation, coercion, and extortion. It is obtained through a series of consultations and public hearings where the project scope and impact are thoroughly discussed.
Multiple complaints have been filed against the project proponents regarding the FPIC process. The Dumagat and Remontado communities assert that the way the FPIC was acquired was deeply flawed, involving the deliberate withholding of information and manipulation. These communities are deeply concerned about the displacement and disruption of their ancestral lands as the construction of the Kaliwa Dam threatens their way of life and neglects their rights.
There has been clear opposition amongst the IP communities against the Kaliwa Dam project, therefore their stance regarding the project remains clear. It is therefore clear that the construction of the Kaliwa Dam cannot continue because the project remains socially unacceptable to the affected communities. If the construction of the dam continues, it will be violating the fundamental rights of the Indigenous peoples.
Laws that protect the affected areas:
The Kaliwa Watershed Forest Reserve will be affected/inundated by the construction of the dam. The reserve lies under the protection of RA 7586 (National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) and RA 11038 Extended NIPAS Act, which should therefore emphasize the importance of maintaining and protecting this ecological area.
It also violates RA 9147 which prohibits the killing of plant species listed under DAO 2017-01 and RA 8147 which states “it shall be unlawful for any person to willfully and knowingly exploit wildlife resources and their habitats or undertake the following acts: killing and destroying wildlife species”.
Bidding process:
The bidding process for the Kaliwa Dam project was questionable. Three Chinese contractors were part of the bidding process for it is a requirement to keep the bidding process competitive. Two of the three bidding companies were disqualified, as The Consortium of Guangdong Foreign Construction lacked several documents including a mayor’s business permit, Philippine Contractors Accreditation Board (PCAB) license, Philippine Government Electronic Procurement System (PhilGEPS) Platinum Certificate, and a validated Single Largest Completed Contract while the other company, Power China Ltd., submitted a bid of P13.042 billion which exceeds the budget for the contract. China Energy Engineering Corp Ltd. emerged as the only qualified bidder and was subsequently awarded the project, therefore, making the bidding process very questionable.
As a result, China Engineering Corp Ltd. bid should therefore be illegitimate due to improper execution of the bidding process which was no longer competitive due to the disqualification of 2 out of the companies which serve as a pre-tense to keep the bidding process competitive/
Local government code:
Under the local government code, no project or program shall be implemented by government authorities concerned government units, NGOs, and other sectors concerned are complied with and prior approval of the sanggunian concerned is obtained. The LGU of Infanta has not consented to the project, and in November last year, Governor Danila Suarez of Quezon province made a commitment to oppose the Kaliwa Dam project.
It should now, therefore, be clear why the Kaliwa Dam is a very controversial project. It has bypassed several important bureaucratic processes which were established as laws in the first place to ensure that such big projects go through a proper democratic process, ensuring that all stakeholders are considered and consulted to reach socially acceptable and inclusive compromises. It is also important that the laws in place to protect the environmentally critical areas are not ignored for they were established to ensure the continued existence of the area and the species that inhabit it. Not only will forests and animal species be affected, but also the ancestral domains of the Indigenous Peoples of which they place very high importance for it is part of their culture, heritage, practices, and identity. The Ancestral Domain’s importance to them is intangible, though what is certain is that such a loss of an important heritage site to them would be extremely devastating for them.
The construction of the Kaliwa Dam may ultimately displace the Indigenous Peoples and this type of displacement is not a recent issue, as indigenous groups all over the world have been trampled on for centuries, but stopping the construction of Kaliwa Dam, and other projects like it, can be our generation’s way of trying to stop that cycle of injustice. Sacrificing the environment for human needs is not a recent issue, we continue to destroy forests to accommodate ourselves, and doing so has brought about the alarming problems of climate change, biodiversity loss, destroyed ecosystems, etc. Laws and processes in place should have protected these vital concerns to ensure that our country is able to progress and develop in a socially just and sustainable way and yet the government has breached and bypassed many integral stages of the process and has in itself shown a disregard for bureaucracy and justice. Doing our part in advocating for the stoppage of Kaliwa Dam, we can fight for the preservation of our culture, heritage, environment, and natural resources, while upholding human rights.
If you visited our past chapters on the introduction of Kaliwa Dam, you probably already know that it's widely acknowledged benefits are to address the water crisis that Metro Manila is facing each summer, but do these benefits outweigh the costs? More on this on our upcoming campaign.
Keep posted!
The proposed location is in the Sierra Madre mountain range, which is an area that is rich in biodiversity and endemic species. As 267 hectares of land are to be inundated, the construction of the dam may cause detrimental and irreparable damage to the ecological balance of the region as hundreds of plant and animal species, including endangered ones, are to be affected once the construction of the dam pushes through further undermining the country’s biodiversity. There are a lot of endemic plants and threatened species, with Rattan being the most vulnerable and threatened species due to wild extraction by the Dumagats.
The proposed project site is within the National Integrated Protected Area System (Nipas) proclaimed as National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary and Game Refuge Reservation by virtue of Proclamation 1636 in 1977.
iii. In terms of threatened wildlife, Bleeding heart pigeon, Civet cat/Musang, Fruit bat, Kingfisher, Labuyo, Lawin, Monitor lizard, Palm civet cat, Philippine Bulbul, Pulanga, Tariktik, Tikling, Wild boar(Baboy damo) are the identified terrestrial flora species.
Panopio said that the destabilizing effects on nature may release dormant viruses which bats or other displaced forest creatures will carry outward to urban dwellers.
For the aquatic ecology, the freshwater ecosystem, estuarine, and the marine ecosystem may deplete due to the construction of the dam.
Along with the 267 hectares of land to be inundated, 203 hectares of carbon-absorbing forest will also be affected, and this land is important as it provides oxygen to city residents in heavily polluted Metro Manila, and 12,147 hectares of residual forests where around 172 diverse plant species were recorded would also be at risk.
The proposed location for the dam is in between the western tectonic belt consisting of the Manila-Negros-Cotabato trenches and the eastern tectonic belt controlled by the East Luzon-Philippine trenches.
These belts have the Philippine Fault Zone in between which bisects the archipelago. These seismic gaps are potential sources of high magnitude earthquakes.
Furthermore, The Valley Fault System (VFS) is about 22 km west of the project site while the southern terminus of the Infanta Segment of the Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ) is about 8 km to the east of the proposed Agos Dam axis. The offshore projection of this fault zone is located about 25 km to the east of the dam axis. Another unnamed active fault system cuts through the project area, while there is another fault, called Lubang Fault, that lies about 125 km to the south.
As 267 hectares of land are to be inundated, thousands of people are set to be affected by the dam, both upstream and downstream of the proposed construction area. Displaced communities will involve inhabitants who are mainly indigenous people of the Remontado-Dumagat Tribe who source livelihood and sustenance from the ecology following the Tinipak River that flows between Barangay Daraitan and General Nakar of the Quezon Province. Since the 1970s, these indigenous people have been fighting for the protection of these resources entitled to them under an ancestral domain title.
According to the 2015 PSA census, the total population in Barangay Pagsangahan, General Nakar is 2,120 while in Barangay Magsaysay, Infanta it is 2,853. In Barangay Daraitan in Rizal, the total population is 4,682.
From the report of NCIP in 2019, there are 34 clustered communities of Dumagat-Remontado Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICC) of Quezon inside the ancestral domain inhabited by 953 IP households. Furthermore, the ancestral domain of Dumagat-Remontado ICC of Tanay, Rizal encompasses 10 barangays (divided into 3 clusters) inhabited by 1,749 IP households.
The affected communities’ major sources of income are obtained from illegal logging and agriculture (fishing and farming). The ancestral domain lands of the IPs serve as their source of livelihood through agroforestry and planting crops. Fishing is also a major activity in the areas and the rivers serve as the fishing ground. Furthermore, 8% belong to the industry or construction sectors. A part of the areas are ecotourism spots that provide income to Daraitan and Pagsangahan residents at summer months wherein tourist arrivals peak.
The majority of the households claimed that they earn not more than PhP5,000 per month and IP households have an average household income of Php 3,000 per month, which is below The majority poverty threshold of the province.
Some of the proposed alternative livelihoods for the affected majority are agriculture-based industries such as mushroom cultivation, organic farming, and livestock raising. Second, job positioning support for skilled and unskilled labor on the construction works of the Dam could benefit men who have construction work experiences. Lastly, for women in the communities, livelihood training and microfinance services will be given in support of their microenterprises such as soap making, handicrafts, sewing, food services, and other more.
The majority of Dumagat-Remontados maintain their traditional animistic beliefs. Concepts of giftedness and the use of agimats are still well associated with their traditional beliefs and origin stories. However, their religious belief is not characterized by systematization (Peterson, 1991). This leads Bragas & Camitan (2019) to believe that religion operates as a secondary role in the Dumagat-Remontado worldview. Current affiliations with the local church community exist to assist the community with the lobbying against Kaliwa Dam.
The Dumagat and Remontado whose lands are supposed to be protected under the law, will find themselves without sources of livelihood and access to their sacred sites. Several sacred sites of the IPs are situated in the Kaliwa Watershed and its river systems. The Tinipak Sacred Wells, located along the Kaliwa River, was declared as an important site for the IPs because of its healing properties. It is believed that bathing or drinking water from the Tinipak Well can heal IPs with colds, flu, and fever. During Holy Week, IPs hold rituals in a form of dancing. Furthermore, there is a belief that leaving clothes near the well will miraculously turn to clothes from the deities. As the site was used for tourism, IPs gradually stopped visiting the site. However, IPs still believe in the sacredness of the site despite its diminishing healing quality and the distancing of the deities from the site. The Makidata or Quebrosa Burial Site is the IPs’ sacred burial grounds wherein they bury the deceased and their ancestors. Lastly, the Mainit Sacred Hot Spring is believed to heal joint pains and tired legs by drinking water or bathing in it. This site is also where the elderly IPs hold rituals for a week.
The first potential resettlement site is located in Barangay Magsaysay for 79 households residing in the primary impact areas of the same Barangay and the 3 households from Barangay Mahabang Lalim. The minimum area requirement of this site is 31.58 hectares.
The second would be Sitio Kiragpan in Barangay Pagsangahan for the 93 affected families from Barangay Pagsangahan. The minimum area requirement of this site is 40.34 hectares.
MWSS claims that these areas will provide full support to relocated persons such as livelihood training, capacity building, and nearby facilities for education, transport and health, although no concrete plans have been readily disclosed by the organization.
How will the PH pay for this?
The construction of the Kaliwa Dam will cost a total of Php 12.2 Billion and 85% will be funded by the Chinese government through the country’s Official Development Assistance (ODA), and the project is to be implemented and managed by the China Energy Engineering Corporation (CEEC). According to STOP Kaliwa Dam Network’s spokesperson, Rovik S. Obanil. The financing of the project will only add to the country’s debt and it will only “open up the country to an onerous agreement that encroaches on our sovereignty and opens up assets and natural resources to potential seizure by China,”.
The valuation of the dam failed to account for environmental, ecological, social, and heritage costs, and this could greatly increase as the location of the project is prone to severe erosion and earthquake hazards.
Costs of such delays and damages will contribute to our country’s increasing debt.
The National Economic and Development Authority stated that the dam may “cost far more than it can gain” and could increase the water rates on concessionaires and consumers. The loan from China has a higher interest rate compared to Japan, with China being at 2% with a commitment fee of 0.3% and management fee of 0.3%, while Japan offers only 0.25%-0.75%.
The loan being a bilateral one with a sovereign guarantee entails that this is paid for using the citizen’s taxpayer’s money and all Filipinos are agreeing to this loan against default, even those who will not benefit from the dam.
Strengthening existing laws and regulations regarding IP communities
The acquisition Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) as stated in Republic Act No. 8371 (The Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997) is one of the major violations of the Kaliwa Dam project. It has also violated Sec. 16 Article II of the 1987 Constitution which declares the basic human right to a balanced ecology and healthy environment. Moreover, the Kaliwa Watershed Forest Reserve, in which the Kaliwa Dam is said to be constructed, was declared as a forest reserve by Proclamation No. 573 on June 22, 1968. Under Proclamation No. 1636 issued on April 18, 1977, a portion of the watershed was declared as National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary. With the approval of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), even without the Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC), contravents the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System and subverts the forest reserve status of the Kaliwa Watershed.
Thus, there is a need to strengthen the implementation of laws and policies that affect IP communities. Landmark legislations such as the Republic Act No. 8371 which is the landmark legislation on IP rights and Republic Act No. 7586 - National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 which designated protected lands in order preserve native plants and animals should be dutifully enforced. This approach banks upon good governance and political will of those in power to follow through with the laws and policies that they swore to uphold.
Mainstreaming environmental conservation and sustainability initiatives
The principles of respect for IP culture, environmental conservation, and sustainability will be streamlined to the general public by engaging with schools and youth organizations. A way forward for this is to hold talks for and with students in order to introduce them to these principles and collaborate on ways in which it can be implemented in their schools. Moreover, having youth ambassadors who are passionate and knowledgeable will help further this advocacy more. This way, they are more relatable to the target audience and will be able to engage with them better.
These recommendations and contingency plans will all be taken into consideration in the succeeding stages of this project. Rest assured that the group through our project - Protect our Lands: An Advocacy Campaign Against Kaliwa Dam will remain committed to the advocacy and continue to advocate for the IPs, environment, and a chance for a sustainable and secure future.
Mega-dams aren't an option anymore
The construction of large dams have multifaceted effects and brings more problems than it can provide solutions. From the assertions of Herydari et al. (2013), a large dam’s adverse environmental impact generally disrupts the ecosystem – it reduces river flows, threatens habitats which contributes to species extinction, changes the ecosystems of downstream wetlands, increases water pollutants, deteriorates vegetation and many more. Ultimately, it contributes to climate change and causes great and irreparable environmental damage.
Social impacts are also recognized– loss of agricultural lands, loss of food and income sources, destruction of historical and archaeological sites, forced displacement and criminalization of those who oppose them. The inadequacy of implementation creates violations on human rights and community impoverishment (Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense, n.d.).
In economic terms, a study by the University of Oxford concludes that “even before accounting for the negative impacts on human society and environment, the actual construction costs of large dams are too high to yield a positive return (Ansar et al., 2014).” In addition, their study shows that the budgets and timeframes of large dam projects are underestimated. After realizing that the costs are greater than its benefits, some countries have opted to dismantle large dams. Furthermore, dams are also being largely decommissioned due to some critical connected aspects such as costs, sediment management, and environmental restoration. Over 450 dams have been removed in the US alone and some of the largest are hydro dams (Oldham, 2009). According to Cho (2011), over a course of time, several dams become less economically viable. The cost of sediment management, regular maintenance, machinery improvements and liability risks “may not make economic sense”. Decommissioning dam or dam removal is often less expensive than maintaining it. Additionally, dam removal restores a river’s natural flow and increases biodiversity due to restoration.
An even simpler explanation to the reason why a dam is not the solution to a water crisis is that, historically, dams of this size take at least 5 years to be finished, and considering that we are in the middle of a pandemic, it would only be further delayed, removing the benefit of an immediate answer to a water crisis felt by majority of the residents of Metro Manila.
Furthermore, instead of dams, water recycling or reclaiming can be an alternative solution. It is the process of treating and reusing used water from a variety of sources for further use such as groundwater replenishment, construction processes, industrial processes like cooling systems, agriculture and irrigation, and environmental restoration. Protect Our Lands urges to explore the use of potentially eighty-five percent (85%) of used water that is released as wastewater that could be treated and used for agricultural and landscape irrigation and industrial processes, among others. Improving and repairing existing watersheds and fixing damaged water pipes is also a way to avoid wasting water resources.
In the end, what we need is to put more effort and attention into researching and finding the best alternative to a surface-level solution such as generating more water supply, because when the Philippines’ population inevitably rises, what would be our response then?
When thinking about the increasing water demand of Metro Manila, it is easy to imagine that simply meet that demand with an increased number of bulk water supply resources, but in the case of Kaliwa Dam (and those that may eventually come after it), the ethical and environmental implications are far too grave to push on with the construction.
What Protect Our Lands proposes echoes the calls for alternatives, moving towards sustainability and acknowledging urgency to decrease water consumption within Metro Manila, as already suggested by speakers from the Not Worth A Dam: A Webinar on Dams and Climate Change event that STOP Kaliwa Dam Network hosted on their Facebook page last September 24, 2020, which includes members of the STOP Kaliwa Dam Network, and their partners Fr. Pete Montallana, the activist priest head of Save Sierra Madre Network Alliance, and Mr. Paolo Pagaduan, Project Manager from WWF-Philippines. This is further proven by the World Health Organization’s water needs recommendation estimate of 60 liters/capita/day (l/c/d), while as compared to the Metro Manila statistics pointing upwards of 170 l/c/d within and above the middle class. This further exemplifies the disparity of water consumption and water usage standards even just within Metro Manila. Taking all of this into account, the prioritization of water conservation could be done through a multitude of avenues, such as the promotion of more environmentally friendly and water-efficient facilities and utilities around both public and private institutions, the updating of outdated machinery that manufacturing companies use to this day, installation of household/community water catchment systems, restoration of watersheds, implementation of water conservation policy, etc.
Educating the general public is the most essential step in conserving and protecting the supply of water in the country. Even with a rich supply of renewable natural resources, people will continue to consume excessive levels of water without proper knowledge which may still cause rich supplies to deplete and unable to meet the demand. One of the most important pieces of information to take into consideration is that we do have enough water, we are just wasting it by not being responsible or environmentally conscious in our choices. We urgently need to opt for the more sustainable and water-conserving options and technologies, which could be implemented and distributed on both a local and a national level.
Another important alternative is the transferring of the control and responsibility of providing basic services such as water supply and sanitation to the local government units under the Local Government Code of 1991. Local government units can make use of harvested rainwater as a cheaper and more sustainable option.
Protect Our Lands advocates to shift the narrative of the water crisis away from simply increasing our supply of water and towards responsible water management, treatment, and usage from the individual, household, community, municipal, and even industrial level. Although these alternatives may seem daunting as a societal change is needed, as well as a high implementation cost, it can also last longer than simply creating another dam to appease an inevitably recurring issue. As Mr. Pagaduan stated in the webinar, “inuubos natin kung ano yung nandiyan, kaya nangangailangan tayo ng dagdag…. Kasi hindi natin pinagkakasya yung meron na tayo.” In essence, we are pouring more water out faster than the bucket can fill. We urge the Philippine government to stop being so fixated on the idea of “Build, Build, Build”, wherein any and all construction is seen as an accomplishment, and turn their attention to improving, enhancing, and renewing what we already have in place.
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